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In this paper, we used a shape matching algorithm to recognize Farsi digits. For each sampled point on the contour of a shape, we obtain a descriptor showing the distribution of the other points of the contour, with respect to this point. Based on these descriptors, we find the corresponding points of the two contours and take the sum of their distances as a dissimilarity measure between two shapes. Then we define a geometric transformation that maps the sampled points of the one shape to the corresponding points of the other shape. The bending energy of this transform is taken as the second dissimilarity measure between two shapes. We optimized the parameters of the matching algorithm for the recognition of Farsi digits and used the method of minimum distance from the class prototypes for the recognition. In a test on a set of 1288 digits, we obtained a recognition rate of 89.9%. This result was obtained without any post processing

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In this paper, Pythagorean-hodograph (PH) quintic spline curves constructed by several connected PH curves with C2 continuity are used to designing the toolpath in machining operation. To generate the toolpath commands, the acceleration/ deceleration phase of motion and the middle regions of the toolpath are devised by time-dependent and constant velocity interpolation algorithms, respectively. In the aforementioned interpolation algorithm, the exponential functions are employed to modify the feedrate profile and subsequently using the Pattern Search algorithm (PSA), the proposed feedrate profile is optimized to maintain the maximum jerk within allowable physical limits. Finally, high speed CNC machining for two cases of open and closed C2 PH quintic spline curves along with the commonly used feed forward/feedback controller is simulated in Simulink-Matlab software and the contouring error is studied and analyzed.

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The present paper aims at comparing the intonation of Persian statements and questions in terms of the pitch scaling of tonal events in Pre-nuclear and nuclear prosodic positions as well as utterance final position. Previous research suggest that the direction of the sentence-final fundamental frequency (F0) movement is the most salient intonational cue to questions and statements in Persian. Prototypical yes/no questions are often characterized by a high F0 rise (H%) whereas statements have a terminal F0 fall (L%). It has also been suggested that the H tone of the nuclear pitch accent as well as the pitch range is higher in questions than statements. The present study explored the question as to what extent the pre-nuclear, nuclear and boundary tones may contribute to tune meaning in Persian, thereby distinguishing between statements and questions. The research methodology was the one used in laboratory phonology. The results showed that the tonal structure of the F0 contour between the nuclear pitch accent and the end of the utterance is different in the two sentence type: statements are characterized by L-L% while questions are characterized by L-H%. The results further suggested that the differences between statement and question intonation are not limited to boundary tones as the pitch scaling of both the L and the H tones of pre-nuclear and nuclear pitch accents are also different in the two sentence types

1. Introduction
The present paper aims at comparing the intonation of Persian statements and questions in terms of the pitch scaling of tonal events in Pre-nuclear and nuclear prosodic positions as well as utterance final position. Previous research suggests that the direction of the sentence-final fundamental frequency (F0) movement is the most salient intonational cue to questions and statements in Persian. Prototypical yes/no questions are often characterized by a high F0 rise (H%) whereas statements have a terminal F0 fall (L%). It has also been suggested that the H tone of the nuclear pitch accent as well as the pitch range is higher in questions than statements.
Recent studies on other languages have shown that an utterance-final rise is not mandatory for the distinction of questions from statements, and that question and statement cues are not restricted to the intonational nucleus. For example, Face (2007) showed for Castilian Spanish that higher pre-nuclear F0 peaks are able to change the listeners’ interpretation of a sentence from statement to question. Petrone and Niebuhr (2013) found for German questions that listeners could accurately identify sentence mode before listening to the terminal F0 movement. They used the shape, slope, and alignment differences of the preceding pre-nuclear accents preceding the final rises as a perceptual cue for question identification. In Neapolitan Italian, Petrone and D’Imperio (2008) and Petrone (2008) found that the F0 section between the nuclear and the preceding pre-nuclear accent varies according to sentence mode. In statements, the F0 after the pre-nuclear rise falls rapidly to the end of the accented prosodic word, creating a low plateau-like turning point. Conversely, in questions, the F0 fall after the pre-nuclear rise is shallower, so that the F0 contour takes a concave shape.
The present study explored the question as to what extent the pre-nuclear, nuclear and edge tones may contribute to tune meaning in Persian, thereby distinguishing between statements and questions. Based on the findings for Indo-Germanic languages, it was hypothesized that the F0 contours of statements and questions are not only different in the nuclear region but also different in the non-final pre-nuclear zones. The research methodology was the one used in laboratory phonology. A corpus of 72 sentences was designed to test the hypothesis. The speakers (12 male and 12 female) read the test sentences on a computer screen. They were instructed to read each sentence naturally, with no special emphasis on any part of the sentence. The target sentences were recorded on DAT recorder using a high quality unidirectional head-mounted microphone (Shure SM58) in a sound proof booth. The recorded sentences were digitized at a sampling rate of 16 kHz. They were analyzed using the acoustic speech analysis software Praat (version 4.3.01; Boersma &Weenink, 2005). All the measurements were made on simultaneous visual displays of waveform, wideband spectrogram and f0 tracks. The following segmental and f0 landmarks were identified in each utterance: beginning of the consonant of the accented syllable in each accentual phrase; F0 minimum and F0 maximum in each accentual phrase and utterance-final F0. The results showed that the tonal structure of the F0 contour between the nuclear pitch accent and the end of the utterance is different in the two sentence types: statements are characterized by L-L% while questions are characterized by L-H%. The results further suggested that differences between statement and question intonation are not limited to boundary tones as the pitch scaling of both the L and the H tones of pre-nuclear and nuclear pitch accents are also different in the two sentence types. This finding thus may run against the ‘nuclear’ tide, providing evidence that the pre-nuclear contour does contribute to tune meaning. The results suggest that pre-nuclear accents do not obey only to rhythmic constraints. Rather, they can make a separate contribution to the meaning of the whole tune. The findings reported here agree with those of other studies which pointed out that the pre-nuclear F0 contour might contain cues for the question versus statement distinctio

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In this paper an improved immersed boundary method is used for simulating sinusoidal pitching oscillations of a symmetric airfoil. Immersed boundary methods because of using a fixed Cartsian grid are well suited for such moving boundary problems. Two test cases are used to validate the proposed method and the effects of oscillation frequency and amplitude on the flow field are investigated. Flow field vorticity and kinetic energy contours are reported in this paper. It is found that the deflected wake start to be appeared for Strouhal number more than 0.4 at a fixed pitching amplitude 0.71. A chaotic flow can be observed at oscillation amplitude 2.80, for a fixed Strouhal number, 0.22. Kintic energy contour shows that for Strouhal number 0.1, the airfoil performs work and transfers momentum to flow but the fluid energy loss due to the enlargement of flow separation zone decreases the momentum and kinetic energy behind the airfoil. Deficit momentum and kinetic energy behind the airfoil results in drag force increasing. By increasing the oscillation frequency and amplitude more momentum transfers to flow filed behind the airfoil which results in drag force decreasing.

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Derivation of temperature distribution, at the different sections of nose, to select the material, component, and sensitive system installation at inside of it, implicates to specifying the induced aeroheating to the nose surface. This parameter with surface temperature and recess due to surface ablation must be corrected at next time steps of flight trajectory. The different methods, to estimate or calculation of aeroheating, were created whereas the most accurate method for this purpose is numerical solution of fully navier stocks, chemical dissociation and ionization of air, mass conservation of species, turbulence modeling, combustion modeling due to surface ablation, nose heat transfer equations with time marching finite volume algorithms simultaneously. Utilizing these solvers for flight trajectory is snail, and it’s required the high computational memory. Therefore, the finite difference method is used, and the governing equations are translated to curvature coordinate by mapping terms. By using this translation, to solve the governing equations, the space marching solvers can be used. Therefore, in this research, the more accurate estimation of temperature distribution for 3-D nose of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles was presented by using the numerical space marching solvers such as viscous shock layers and viscous boundary layer methods. Therefore, the comprehensive code was created to this purpose. The results of this code were validated by using the temperature telemetry results of flight tests. The relative error of the results was less than 10 percent.

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The contour method is a new approach to measure the residual stress and use to provide a two-dimensional map of residual stresses. In this study, residual stresses were measured in the rods which produced by hot extrusion with high reduction cross section. The rods material was 6061 aluminum alloy and the effect of annealing heat treatment has been studied on the rods. For this purpose, residual stress has been evaluated before and after annealing heat treatment and the uncertainty of the contour method calculated. The results indicate that in the rods that produced by hot extrusion with high reduction cross section, tensile residual stress is created in the rod core and by moving along radius changed to compressive residual stress such that the surface is balanced via tensile and compressive stress. The maximum tensile residual stress is formed on the rod center and performing annealing heat treatment causes to high reducing residual stress. Also the uncertainty investigation determined, the uncertainty was almost uniform on the surface and displacement error and model error sources have a same effect on the uncertainty of contour method.

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This study characterizes the spatial distribution of Gravimetric soil Water Content (GWC), soil saturation extract Electrical Conductivity (ECe) and Root Length Density (RLD) in the wetted area by the emitter in a drip irrigated nectarine orchard cultivated in bare and plastic-mulched soils. To this aim, 150 soil cores were sampled in a 0.25 m by 0.25 m grid spacing at three soil depths in one m² area with an emitter located in the center and a tree in a corner of the area in the bare and plastic-mulched soils. The 0-60 cm soil profile mean GWC was 15% higher and the mean ECe 42% lower in the mulched than in the bare soil, whereas the mean RLD was similar in both treatments. Root growth was preponderant at the 0-20 cm soil depth, where RLD accounted for 66% of the total RLD. The root weighed GWC (GWC_rw) was somewhat higher and the root weighed ECe (ECe_rw) somewhat lower than their arithmetic means, indicating that root growth was preponderant in regions with higher moisture and lower salinity. This conclusion was supported by the positive RLD-GWC correlation, and the RLD-ECe upper boundary line analysis showed that root growth decreased above a threshold ECe of about 4 dS m^-1. Overall, plastic mulching benefited water conservation and soil salinity control, but did not promote nectarine root growth.